Guess.js/Gatsby Wikipedia
An 1885 Robert Harris painting, A Meeting of the School Trustees, depicted in the 1998 Heritage Minute episode "Rural Teacher", on the benefits of pedagogy.

Heritage Minutes, formerly known as Historica Minutes: History by the Minute, is a series of sixty-second short films, each illustrating an important moment in Canadian history. The Minutes integrate Canadian history, folklore and myths into dramatic storylines.[1][2][3] Like the Canada Vignettes of the 1970s, the Minutes themselves have become a part of Canadian culture and been the subject of academic studies as well as parody.[4]

The Minutes were first introduced on March 31, 1991, as part of a one-off history quiz show hosted by Wayne Rostad.[5] Originally distributed to schools,[2] they appeared frequently on Canadian television and in cinemas before movies and were later available online and on DVD.[4] "Radio minutes" have also been made.[6] From 1991 to 1995 fifty episodes were released. Then beginning in 2012 new Minutes were produced in the lead up to Canada's sesquicentennial (anniversary of Canadian Confederation), that included controversial themes in Canadian history, such as the Canadian Indian residential school system.

Background

The thirteen original short films were broken up and run between shows on CBC Television and CTV Network. The continued broadcast of the Minutes and the production of new ones was pioneered by Charles Bronfman's CRB Foundation (subsequently The Historica Dominion Institute), Canada Post (with Bell Canada being a later sponsor) Power Broadcasting (the broadcasting arm of the Power Corporation of Canada), and the National Film Board.[5] They were devised, developed and largely narrated (as well as scripted) by noted Canadian broadcaster Patrick Watson, while the producer of the series was Robert Guy Scully.[5]

In 2009 "The Historica Foundation of Canada" merged with "The Dominion Institute" to become "The Historica-Dominion Institute" a national charitable organization.[7] In September 2013, the organization changed its name to "Historica Canada".[8] While the foundations have not paid networks to air Minutes, in the early years they have paid to have them run in cinema theaters across the country.[9] The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) has ruled that Heritage Minutes are an "on-going dramatic series" thus each vignette counts as ninety-seconds of a station's Canadian content requirements.[10][11]

Loyalist Laura Secord warning the British (Lieutenant – James FitzGibbon) and First Nations of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams June 1813. – by Lorne Kidd Smith, c. 1920

The first sets of Heritage Minutes were released in five segments between 1991 and 2000. A set of eight new Heritage Minutes, covering military moments in Canadian history, were released in 2005.[12] Then in 2012, two new "Heritage Minutes" were created on the War of 1812, in anticipation of the war's bicentenary.[13] Then in 2014 two Minutes were released on Sir John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier, that had been filmed in and around Toronto in September 2013.[11] To honour the centenary of the start of the First World War two "Minutes" were released; one on the Winnipeg Falcons in 2014 and one on Canadian Nursing Sisters in early 2015.[14][15] In September 2015, to commemorate the 35th anniversary of Terry Fox's run to conquer cancer, Historica released a "Minute" on Fox's inspirational run.[16] February 2016 saw the release of a "Minute" on Viola Desmond, a trailblazing black female entrepreneur from Halifax who spoke out against racial discrimination in Nova Scotia.[17] On the 21st of June, 2016, the 20th anniversary of National Aboriginal Day, Historica Canada released two new "Minutes." The first tells the story of Chanie "Charlie" Wenjack, whose death sparked the first inquest into the treatment of Indigenous children in Canadian residential schools.[18] The second, Naskumituwin, highlights the making of Treaty 9 from the perspective of historical witness George Spence, an 18-year-old Cree hunter from Albany, James Bay.[19] On October 19, 2016, Historica Canada released another Heritage Minute that shows a story about an Inuit artist named Kenojuak Ashevak. It is also the first Heritage minute that is narrated on not just its official languages (English and French) but also a third language, where this Heritage Minute is narrated in Inuktitut.[20]

A 2012 Ipsos Reid poll of 3,900 Canadians selected the five most popular Minutes.[21] Tied for first place were the episodes on Jackie Robinson and the Halifax Explosion, followed by Jennie Kidd Trout, Winnie-the-Pooh and Laura Secord.[21]

List of Heritage Minutes

Not all of the Heritage Minutes episodes have actually aired. 85 (later 86) of them are available for viewing online (as listed below); however, an episode on Canadian Peacekeepers in Cyprus, which was pulled from broadcast shortly after its 1991 release, was not made available online through Historica Canada until 2016.[5]

Episode Released Description
Peacemaker 1992 The formation of the Iroquois Confederacy presented by a First Nations grandfather explaining the significance of the Great Peace to his granddaughter.[22]
Vikings 1992 L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland is settled by Norsemen (Vikings) around the year 1000 CE.[23]
John Cabot 1991 Italian navigator and explorer John Cabot discovers the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.[24]
Jacques Cartier 1991 French navigator and explorer Jacques Cartier misunderstands some Natives resulting in the name Canada.[25]
Jean Nicolet 1992 French coureur des bois and explorer Jean Nicolet becomes the first European to reach Lake Michigan, but thinks it's the Pacific.[26]
Governor Frontenac 1992 New France, under the leadership of French governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac, repels the British invasion at the Battle of Quebec (1690) (narration was later added to this Minute in order to clarify the story).[27]
Syrup 1997 A First Nations family teaches early settlers how to make maple syrup.[28]
Laura Secord Canadian heroine Laura Secord aids the British in the War of 1812 with an overland trek to warn of an American military advance.[29]
Responsible Government 1991 Queen Victoria decides to grant Canada responsible government after the crushing of the Rebellions of 1837.[30]
Baldwin & LaFontaine 1992 Lawyer and politician Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine build interlingual cooperation.[31]
Orphans 1991 French Canadian families adopt Irish orphans in the 1850s while allowing them to keep their original names.[32]
Underground Railroad 1991 An African American escapes to Canada along the Underground Railroad.[33]
Etienne Parent Journalist and government official Étienne Parent demands equality for French and English.[34]
Hart & Papineau 1995 The efforts of politician and lawyer Louis-Joseph Papineau give full equality of religion to Jews in Canada.[35]
The Paris Crew 1995 The surprise victory of the Paris Crew, a group of unheralded Canadian rowers, at the 1867 World Championships.[36]
Joseph Tyrrell 1992 Geologist and cartographer Joseph Tyrrell discovers a plethora of dinosaur bones in Alberta (see Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology).[37]
Basketball 1992 Sports coach James Naismith's invention of Basketball is featured.[38]
Joseph Casavant 1992 Joseph Casavant, world-renowned organ maker is featured.[39]
Emily Carr 1992 The art of Emily Carr is featured.[40]
Soddie 1991 Prairie settlers build a house of sod (see Addison Sod House).[41]
Midwife 1992 A look at the importance of midwives in early Canada.[42]
Saguenay Fire 1992 The 1870 fire in the Saguenay in featured.[43]
Sandford Fleming Engineer and inventor Sir Sandford Fleming develops the system of international standard time.[44]
Nitro A young Chinese Canadian risks his life helping to build the Canadian Pacific Railway.[45]
Jennie Trout 1991 Jennie Trout becomes Canada's first woman doctor.[46]
Rural Teacher 1992 Teacher Kate Henderson sways school trustees to embrace new methods, and the event is represented in the famous painting by Robert Harris, A Meeting of the School Trustees (see image at top).[47]
Louis Riel 1991 The achievements and execution of political and spiritual leader Louis Riel are featured.[48]
Sitting Bull Native American Chief Sitting Bull seeks refuge in Canada (starring Graham Greene as Sitting Bull).[49]
Les Voltigeurs de Québec The rehearsal for the first performance of O Canada.[50]
Grey Owl Englishman Archie Belaney (played by Pierce Brosnan) rises to prominence as a notable author and lecturer after he took on the First Nations identity called Grey Owl.[51]
Frontier College 1997 Frontier College educates those away from the urban centres.[52]
Sam Steele 1993 Major General and police official Sam Steele (portrayed by Alan Scarfe) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police bars an unruly American (portrayed by Don S. Davis) from entering the Yukon with pistols, despite being threatened at gunpoint.[53]
Emily Murphy 1992 Women's rights activist, jurist, and author Emily Murphy's (played by Kate Nelligan) quest for equal rights for women.[54]
Myrnam Hospital 1995 The town of Myrnam, Alberta forms a non-denominational hospital.[55]
Agnes Macphail 1992 The first woman to be elected to the Canadian House of Commons Agnes Macphail fights for penal reform.[56]
Marconi Inventor Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signals in Newfoundland and is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.[57]
John McCrae Author, artist and physician during World War I John McCrae pens In Flanders Fields (starring Colm Feore as McCrae).[58]
Halifax Explosion 1991 Train dispatcher Vince Coleman sacrifices his own life to save a train from the Halifax Explosion.[59]
Vimy Ridge 2005 General Arthur Currie prepares his forces for the successful taking of Vimy Ridge in World War I.[60][12]
Valour Road Three men from Pine Street in Winnipeg win the Victoria Cross in World War I, and the street's name is changed to Valour Road in their honour.[61]
Winnie The bear of Canadian soldier Harry Colebourn becomes the inspiration for Winnie the Pooh.[62]
Nellie McClung Feminist, politician, and social activist Nellie McClung demands the right to vote in Manitoba.[63]
Joseph-Armand Bombardier Inventor Joseph-Armand Bombardier and the beginnings of his passion for engineering.[64]
J.S. Woodsworth Author, lecturer and social activist J. S. Woodsworth convinces Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King to introduce old age pensions.[65]
Superman Comic book artist Joe Shuster, en route to visit his cousin, Frank Shuster, creates Superman.[66]
Water Pump Canadian Mennonites devise sustainable agriculture practices that aid the Third World.[67]
La Bolduc The story of how Mary Travers becomes a famed popular singer in Quebec.[68]
Bluenose The ship Bluenose an important Canadian symbol in the 1930s wins its last race.[69]
Wilder Penfield How Dr. Wilder Penfield makes important discoveries in neuroscience when a patient smells burnt toast as the initial signal for an epileptic seizure, during the Montreal procedure.[70]
Osborn of Hong Kong 2005 Sgt. Major John Robert Osborn sacrifices his life to protect his men from Japanese forces during the Battle of Hong Kong in World War II, and is posthumously granted the Victoria Cross.[71][12]
Marion Orr Female World War II pilot Marion Orr is featured.[72]
Mona Parsons 2005 Mona Parsons, a partisan World War II Allied agent in the Netherlands escapes execution and later imprisonment by the Nazis and meets her future husband who confirms her nationality to Canadian forces liberating the nation.[73][12]
Juno Beach 2005 Broadcaster Johnny Lombardi entertains his comrades in the field during a respite of the World War II D-Day taking of Juno Beach by Canadian forces.[74][12]
Andrew Mynarski 2005 Pilot officer Andrew Mynarski's attempt to free his friend from a bomber turret.[75][12]
Tommy Prince 2005 A eulogy is given for Tommy Prince, Canada’s most-decorated Aboriginal war veteran.[76][12]
Home from the Wars 2005 Returning World War II veterans successfully agitate for increasing housing assistance.[77][12]
John Humphrey Legal scholar, jurist, and human rights advocate John Humphrey drafts the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[78]
Jackie Robinson Baseball player Jackie Robinson joins the Montreal Royals on October 23, 1945.[79]
Lucille Teasdale Surgeon Lucille Teasdale devotes her life to helping the poor in Africa.[80]
Marshall McLuhan Philosopher of communication theory Marshall McLuhan coins the phrases "the medium is the message" and "global village".[81]
Maurice Ruddick Miner Maurice Ruddick recounts the 1958 Springhill mine disaster.[82]
Nat Taylor How Nat Taylor invents the multiplex theater.[83]
Pauline Vanier The achievements of professional diplomats Georges and Pauline Vanier are featured.[84]
Maurice "Rocket" Richard Hockey player Maurice Richard scores five goals and three assists for eight points in a single game.[85]
Stratford A look back at the beginning of the Stratford Festival of Canada.[86]
Jacques Plante Jacques Plante becomes the first NHL player to wear a goaltender mask in regular play.[87]
Avro Arrow The development of the Avro Arrow (this Heritage Minute was made using footage from the 1996 mini-series The Arrow).[88]
Paul Emile Borduas The art of Paul-Émile Borduas and the Quiet Revolution are featured.[89]
Le Reseau Engineer Thomas Wardrope Eadie develops the Trans Canada Microwave telecommunications network.[90]
Flags Lawyer, judge, and politician John Matheson looks at candidates for Canada's new flag.[91]
Expo 67 The planning of the Montreal International and Universal Exposition called Expo 67 is featured.[92]
Inukshuk An Inuksuk a stone landmark or cairn is built on Baffin Island.[93]
Dextraze in the Congo 2005 Brigadier-General Jacques Dextraze resolves a hostage situation in the Congo with his UN Peacekeeping forces contingent.[94][12]
Richard Pierpoint Richard Pierpoint was a formerly enslaved Black Loyalist who, at age 68, enlisted black men to fight in the War of 1812. Captain Runchey's Company of Coloured Men fought in a number of battles in the Niagara region and were instrumental to the war effort.[95]
Queenston Heights At the Battle of Queenston Heights (October 13, 1812) Mohawk Chief John Norton and 80 Grand River warriors surprised hundreds of advancing American soldiers and skirmished with them for hours until reinforcements arrived and the battle was won.[96]
Maple Leaf Gardens Considered one of the "cathedrals" of ice hockey, the construction and history of the Maple Leaf Gardens is featured.[97]
Sir John A. Macdonald The dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, Sir John A. Macdonald was the first Prime Minister of Canada.[98]
Sir George-Étienne Cartier George-Étienne Cartier was a dominant figure in the politics of Canada East (now Quebec) overseeing its entry into Confederation.[99]
Winnipeg Falcons 2014 The Winnipeg Falcons were a senior ice hockey team that fought through discrimination and stayed together even through the First World War, on their way to winning the gold medal for Canada at the 1920 Olympics. Narrated by George Stroumboulopoulos and an appearance by actor Jared Keeso. This was the first Heritage Minute segment to extend longer than one minute.[14]
Nursing Sisters 2015 Nursing Sisters commemorates the service and sacrifice of women on the front lines of the First World War through the retelling of a real event from May 1918. It is the story of two of the nearly 3000 trained nurses who served overseas. Narrated by Molly Parker and starring Siobhan Williams.[15]
Terry Fox 2015 Terry Fox inspires the nation with his Marathon of Hope, a cross-country run to raise money for cancer research.[100]
Viola Desmond 2016 The story of Viola Desmond, an entrepreneur who challenged segregation in Nova Scotia in the 1940s.[101]
Chanie Wenjack 2016 The story of Chanie "Charlie" Wenjack, whose death sparked the first inquest into the treatment of Indigenous children in Canadian residential schools.[18]
Naskumituwin (Treaty) 2016 The making of Treaty 9 from the perspective of historical witness George Spence, an 18-year-old Cree hunter from Albany, James Bay.[19]
Kenojuak Ashevak 2016 The story of Kenojuak Ashevak, an Inuit artist and a founder member of Cape Dorset’s famed printmaking co-op.[102]
Edmonton Grads 2016 The story of the Edmonton Grads, a powerhouse women's basketball team. World Champions for 17 years, the Grads dominated regionally, nationally, and internationally for 25 years beginning in 1915. Dr. James Naismith called them "the finest team to ever step out onto a floor."[103][104]
"Boat People" Refugees 2017 A family escapes persecution in Vietnam, traveling by boat to a Malaysian refugee camp before finding a new home in Montreal (1980).[105]
Kensington Market In the first animated Heritage Minute new arrivals to Canada transform a single store as it passes from generation to generation and culture to culture. [106]
Lucy Maud Montgomery The Story of Lucy Maud Montgomery, who become khown around the world as author of Anne of Green Gables and 19 other novels, is narated by The Right Hon. Adrienne Clarkson. [107]

Parodies

See also

References

  1. ^ Ryan Edwardson (2008). Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood. University of Toronto Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-8020-9519-0. 
  2. ^ a b Alan Gordon (2010). The Hero and the Historians: Historiography and the Uses of Jacques Cartier. UBC Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7748-5920-2. 
  3. ^ Stefan Berger; Linas Eriksonas; Andrew Mycock (2013). Narrating The Nation: Representations in History, Media and the Arts. Berghahn Books. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-85745-412-6. 
  4. ^ a b Michael Barbour; Mark Evans (2008). "History by the Minute: A Representative National History or a Common Sense of the Majority?". University of Georgia. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  5. ^ a b c d Emily Reid; Nicki Thomas (28 October 2016). "Heritage Minutes". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. 
  6. ^ "Radio Minutes". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2015-09-12. 
  7. ^ Zoë Druick; Aspa Kotsopoulos (2008). Programming Reality: Perspectives on English-Canadian Television. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 172–183. ISBN 978-1-55458-010-1. 
  8. ^ Fadia Otariste (2 July 2013). "Historica-Dominion Institute renamed Historica Canada" (Press release). The Historica-Dominion Institute. Retrieved 2013-10-07 – via CNW Group. 
  9. ^ Charles R. Acland (2003). Screen Traffic: Movies, Multiplexes, and Global Culture. Duke University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-8223-8486-1. 
  10. ^ "List Of CRTC Canadian Program Recognition Numbers". 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  11. ^ a b Duabs, Katie (23 September 2013). "Being In a Heritage Minute: A Part of Our Heritage". Sunday Star. p. A1. 
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Heritage Minutes". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2018-04-23. 
  13. ^ Canadian Heritage Minute comeback a jolt of nostalgia: Popular 60-second shorts resurrected to coincide with 1812 bicentennial, CBC News, October 10, 2012.
  14. ^ a b "Winnipeg Falcons". Historica Canada. 2014. 
  15. ^ a b "Nursing Sisters". Historica Canada. 2015. 
  16. ^ Andrea Hall (15 September 2015). "Terry Fox Heritage Minute Premieres on Bell Media Properties" (Press release). Historica Canada. 
  17. ^ Sadaf Ahsan (2 February 2016). "Historica Canada honours Viola Desmond, the 'Rosa Parks of Canada,' with a Heritage Minute". National Post. 
  18. ^ a b "Chanie Wenjack". Historica Canada. 2016. 
  19. ^ a b "Naskumituwin (Treaty)". Historica Canada. 2016. 
  20. ^ Heritage Minutes: Kenojuak Ashevak (Inuktitut). Historica Canada. 2016-10-20 – via Youtube. 
  21. ^ a b "New heritage minutes boosted by old favorites" (PDF). Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-07 – via Historica Canada. 
  22. ^ "Peacemaker". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  23. ^ "Vikings". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  24. ^ "John Cabot". Historica Canada. 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  25. ^ "Jacques Cartier". Historica Canada. 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  26. ^ "Jean Nicollet". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  27. ^ "Governor Frontenac". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  28. ^ "Syrup". Historica Canada. 1997. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  29. ^ "Laura Secord". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  30. ^ "Responsible Government". Historica Canada. 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  31. ^ "Baldwin & LaFontaine". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  32. ^ "Orphans". Historica Canada. 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  33. ^ "Underground Railroad". Historica Canada. 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  34. ^ "Étienne Parent". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  35. ^ "Hart & Papineau". Historica Canada. 1995. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  36. ^ "The Paris Crew". Historica Canada. 1995. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  37. ^ "Joseph Tyrrell". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  38. ^ "Basketball". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  39. ^ "Joseph Casavant". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  40. ^ "Emily Carr". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  41. ^ "Soddie". Historica Canada. 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  42. ^ "Midwife". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  43. ^ "Saguenay Fire". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  44. ^ "Sir Sandford Fleming". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  45. ^ "Nitro". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  46. ^ "Jennie Trout". Historica Canada. 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  47. ^ "Rural Teacher". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  48. ^ "Louis Riel". Historica Canada. 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  49. ^ "Sitting Bull". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  50. ^ "Les Voltigeurs de Québec". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  51. ^ "Grey Owl". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  52. ^ "Frontier College". Historica Canada. 1997. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  53. ^ "Sam Steele". Historica Canada. 1993. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  54. ^ "Emily Murphy". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  55. ^ "Myrnam Hospital". Historica Canada. 1995. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  56. ^ "Agnes Macphail". Historica Canada. 1992. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  57. ^ "Marconi". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  58. ^ "John McCrae". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  59. ^ "Halifax Explosion Historica Canada". 1991. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  60. ^ "Vimy Ridge". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  61. ^ "Valour Road". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  62. ^ "Winnie". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  63. ^ "Nellie McClung". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  64. ^ "Joseph-Armand Bombardier". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  65. ^ "J.S. Woodsworth". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  66. ^ "Superman". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  67. ^ "Water Pump". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  68. ^ "La Bolduc". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  69. ^ "Bluenose". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  70. ^ "Wilder Penfield". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  71. ^ "Osborn of Hong Kong". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  72. ^ "Marion Orr". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  73. ^ "Mona Parsons". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  74. ^ "Juno Beach". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  75. ^ "Andrew Mynarski". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  76. ^ "Tommy Prince". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  77. ^ "Home from the Wars". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  78. ^ "John Humphrey". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  79. ^ "Jackie Robinson". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  80. ^ "Lucille Teasdale". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  81. ^ "Marshall McLuhan". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  82. ^ "Maurice Ruddick". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  83. ^ "Nat Taylor". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  84. ^ "Pauline Vanier". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  85. ^ "Maurice "Rocket" Richard". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  86. ^ "Stratford". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  87. ^ "Jacques Plante". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  88. ^ "Avro Arrow". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  89. ^ "Paul Émile Borduas". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  90. ^ "Le Réseau". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  91. ^ "Flags". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  92. ^ "Expo '67". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  93. ^ "Inukshuk". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  94. ^ "Dextraze in the Congo". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  95. ^ "Richard Pierpoint". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  96. ^ "Queenston Heights". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  97. ^ "Maple Leaf Gardens". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  98. ^ "Sir John A. Macdonald". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  99. ^ "Sir George-Étienne Cartier". Historica Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  100. ^ "Terry Fox". Historica Canada. 2015. 
  101. ^ "Viola Desmond". Historica Canada. 2016. 
  102. ^ "Kenujuak Ashevak". Historica Canada. 2016. 
  103. ^ "Edmonton Grads". Historica Canada. 2017. 
  104. ^ Marshall, Tabitha (9 June 2017). "Edmonton Grads". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. 
  105. ^ ""Boat People" Refugees". Historica Canada. 2017. 
  106. ^ Template:Https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/kensington-market
  107. ^ Template:Https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/lucy-maud-montgomery
  108. ^ Patricia Molloy (2012). Canada/US and Other Unfriendly Relations: Before and After 9/11. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-137-03145-7. 
  109. ^ "PARODIES | Historica Canada". Historicacanada.ca. Retrieved 2013-10-04. 
  110. ^ Canadian Sacrilege Moment: "I Can't Read". 5 February 2010 – via YouTube. 
  111. ^ Classified - "Oh... Canada" [Official Video]. 22 January 2010 – via YouTube. 
  112. ^ Kate Beaton. "Not Again, Margaret". HarkAVagrant.com. Retrieved 2017-08-12. 
  113. ^ A Part of our Heritage. LoadingReadRun. 1 February 2009 – via YouTube. 

Further reading

External links